Portal:Biology

Darlingtonia californica — California pitcher plant This patch of Darligtonias is the northernmost natural patch.
Harvestman (Opilio canestrinii), male, on a geranium flower. He is cleaning his leg by drawing it through his jaws.

Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are composed of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. Finally, all organisms can regulate their own internal environments. (Full article...)

Featured article

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria, as well as cancer cells, parasitic worms, and also objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Both use molecules and cells to perform their functions.

Nearly all organisms have some kind of immune system. Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against viral infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient plants and animals and remain in their modern descendants. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt to recognize pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates an immunological memory leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. (Full article...)

Popular pages

Period: 2025-01-01 to 2025-01-31

Total views: 11,684,051

Updated: 04:03, 5 February 2025 (UTC)

Rank	Page title	Views	Daily average	Assessment	Importance
1	Sex	531,607	17,148	B	Top
2	Ejaculation	163,983	5,289	C	Mid
3	Animal	155,463	5,014	GA	Top
4	Charles Darwin	135,060	4,356	FA	Top
5	Aristotle	132,861	4,285	GA	Top
6	Sarcoidosis	86,281	2,783	B	Mid
7	Oxygen	85,764	2,766	FA	Unknown
8	Typhoid fever	85,201	2,748	B	Low
9	DNA	83,851	2,704	FA	Top
10	Hermaphrodite	83,706	2,700	C	High
11	Hydrogen	82,511	2,661	FA	Unknown
12	Alice Roberts	79,084	2,551	B	Low
13	Organ (biology)	78,487	2,531	C	High
14	Taxonomy (biology)	76,222	2,458	GA	High
15	Virus	71,332	2,301	FA	Top
16	List of common misconceptions	70,440	2,272	List	Mid
17	Sexual dimorphism	70,371	2,270	B	High
18	Death	67,545	2,178	B	Top
19	Twin	67,139	2,165	B	Mid
20	Ovulation	65,712	2,119	B	Low
21	Extraterrestrial life	64,175	2,070	C	High
22	Plant	62,880	2,028	GA	Top
23	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	61,358	1,979	FA	High
24	Species	55,932	1,804	GA	Top
25	Bacteria	55,308	1,784	FA	Top
26	Conjoined twins	54,409	1,755	C	Low
27	Life	52,674	1,699	GA	Top
28	Christine Grady	52,636	1,697	Start	Low
29	Vertebrate	51,687	1,667	GA	High
30	Carbon	51,566	1,663	GA	Unknown
31	Nervous system	50,222	1,620	B	High
32	Shyamala Gopalan	49,794	1,606	C	Low
33	Carl Linnaeus	49,552	1,598	GA	Top
34	Extinction	49,288	1,589	C	High
35	Vivisection	49,022	1,581	C	High
36	Nitrogen	48,584	1,567	GA	Unknown
37	Alien abduction	48,421	1,561	C	High
38	Abiogenesis	48,359	1,559	GA	High
39	Louis Pasteur	47,694	1,538	B	High
40	Biology	47,153	1,521	GA	Top
41	Evolution	45,447	1,466	FA	Top
42	Extinction event	45,263	1,460	B	High
43	Cell (biology)	44,831	1,446	C	Top
44	Conservation status	44,544	1,436	C	Mid
45	Blood pressure	43,693	1,409	B	Low
46	Apex predator	43,253	1,395	GA	Low
47	Disease	43,246	1,395	B	High
48	Genus	43,069	1,389	C	Mid
49	Parthenogenesis	43,014	1,387	C	High
50	Adolescence	42,925	1,384	B	Mid
51	Menstruation	41,113	1,326	B	Low
52	Parasitism	40,776	1,315	GA	High
53	List of longest-living organisms	40,278	1,299	List	Low
54	Homeostasis	39,607	1,277	C	High
55	Endemism	38,834	1,252	C	High
56	Strangling	38,797	1,251	C	Low
57	Sexual reproduction	38,290	1,235	C	Mid
58	Gregor Mendel	37,845	1,220	B	Mid
59	Developmental coordination disorder	37,645	1,214	B	Mid
60	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation	37,516	1,210	B	Mid
61	Kingdom (biology)	37,029	1,194	B	Mid
62	Female reproductive system	36,152	1,166	C	High
63	Rosalind Franklin	36,135	1,165	B	High
64	Taxonomic rank	36,019	1,161	B	Mid
65	Pituitary gland	35,998	1,161	C	Mid
66	Female	35,988	1,160	C	Top
67	White blood cell	35,604	1,148	B	Mid
68	Organism	35,514	1,145	GA	Top
69	Neuron	35,383	1,141	B	High
70	Health	35,325	1,139	B	High
71	Thalassemia	34,864	1,124	B	Mid
72	Lymph node	34,409	1,109	C	Mid
73	Mirror life	34,332	1,107	Start	Low
74	Anger	33,112	1,068	B	Mid
75	Fossil	32,927	1,062	B	High
76	Male reproductive system	32,762	1,056	C	Mid
77	Last universal common ancestor	32,559	1,050	GA	Mid
78	Behavioral sink	32,534	1,049	C	Mid
79	Anatomy	32,507	1,048	GA	Top
80	Biotechnology	31,324	1,010	C	Low
81	Binomial nomenclature	30,926	997	C	Mid
82	Infant	30,620	987	B	Mid
83	James Watson	30,528	984	B	High
84	Color	30,176	973	C	Low
85	Childbirth	30,090	970	B	Top
86	Male	29,988	967	C	Top
87	Homosexual behavior in animals	29,286	944	C	Low
88	Nail clubbing	29,246	943	C	Low
89	DNA and RNA codon tables	28,513	919	FL	High
90	Multiple birth	28,476	918	C	Low
91	Genetics	28,380	915	FA	Top
92	Protist	27,753	895	B	Low
93	Linus Pauling	27,631	891	B	High
94	Unethical human experimentation in the United States	27,622	891	B	Low
95	Hybrid (biology)	27,570	889	GA	Mid
96	Protozoa	27,322	881	C	High
97	Child	27,141	875	B	Mid
98	Prednisolone	26,858	866	C	Mid
99	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale	26,804	864	C	Low
100	Paleontology	26,299	848	GA	Top
101	Microorganism	26,293	848	GA	Top
102	Epidemiology	26,218	845	C	Low
103	Race and intelligence	25,962	837	C	Mid
104	Intelligence	25,680	828	B	High
105	Physiology	25,447	820	B	High
106	Germ theory of disease	25,425	820	C	Low
107	Closed-eye hallucination	25,328	817	C	Low
108	Visual snow syndrome	25,296	816	Start	Low
109	Aquiline nose	25,228	813	C	Low
110	Natural selection	25,000	806	GA	Top
111	Ecology	24,985	805	GA	Top
112	Microscope	24,885	802	C	High
113	Galen	24,884	802	B	High
114	Jagadish Chandra Bose	24,873	802	B	Mid
115	Mutation	24,648	795	B	Top
116	Basal metabolic rate	24,529	791	C	Mid
117	Mitochondrial Eve	24,242	782	B	Mid
118	Miscarriage	24,068	776	B	Mid
119	History of HIV/AIDS	24,062	776	B	High
120	Family (biology)	23,675	763	Start	Mid
121	Symbiosis	23,492	757	C	Mid
122	Neontology	23,441	756	Start	Mid
123	Domain (biology)	23,423	755	B	Mid
124	Neoteny	23,247	749	B	Low
125	Old age	23,201	748	B	Mid
126	HeLa	22,900	738	C	Low
127	Drake equation	22,595	728	B	High
128	Plankton	22,529	726	C	High
129	Infidelity	22,528	726	B	Mid
130	Secondary sex characteristic	22,298	719	C	Mid
131	Ambidexterity	22,002	709	Start	Low
132	Neuroscience	21,894	706	B	High
133	Adipose tissue	21,673	699	B	Mid
134	Handedness	21,562	695	C	Low
135	Entomology	21,355	688	C	High
136	Breast milk	21,231	684	C	Mid
137	Sense	21,188	683	B	Mid
138	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	21,099	680	B	High
139	Defecation	20,950	675	C	Low
140	Wildlife	20,923	674	C	High
141	Alexander von Humboldt	20,583	663	B	Top
142	Biochemistry	20,484	660	C	High
143	Botany	20,417	658	GA	High
144	Reproduction	20,361	656	B	High
145	Domestication	20,234	652	GA	Mid
146	Incense	20,122	649	C	Mid
147	Anus	19,896	641	Start	Mid
148	Ageing	19,817	639	B	High
149	Francis Crick	19,812	639	B	High
150	Carnivore	19,693	635	B	Low
151	Pelagic zone	19,624	633	C	Mid
152	Largest organisms	19,443	627	Start	High
153	Preadolescence	19,385	625	Start	Mid
154	List of life sciences	19,338	623	List	Mid
155	Order (biology)	19,241	620	C	High
156	Human feces	18,756	605	C	High
157	Embryo	18,747	604	B	Mid
158	Polyphenol	18,611	600	Start	Low
159	De-extinction	18,520	597	C	Mid
160	Biological warfare	18,455	595	B	Mid
161	Megadiverse countries	18,305	590	Start	Mid
162	Unicellular organism	18,275	589	C	Low
163	Senescence	18,215	587	C	Mid
164	Cryopreservation	18,098	583	C	Low
165	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	17,934	578	B	High
166	Jared Diamond	17,776	573	B	Mid
167	Emergence	17,395	561	Start	Mid
168	Alfred Russel Wallace	17,375	560	FA	High
169	Life on Mars	17,265	556	B	Mid
170	Coolidge effect	17,242	556	Start	Low
171	Hadal zone	17,221	555	C	Mid
172	Toddler	17,070	550	Start	Mid
173	Composition of the human body	17,055	550	C	Low
174	Metamorphosis	16,917	545	C	Mid
175	Extant taxon	16,773	541	Redirect	NA
176	Living fossil	16,680	538	C	Mid
177	Bret Weinstein	16,646	536	C	Low
178	Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw	16,623	536	B	Low
179	Albinism in humans	16,513	532	C	Low
180	Phosphene	16,406	529	C	Mid
181	Male pregnancy	16,391	528	B	Low
182	Bioinformatics	16,265	524	C	Low
183	Zoology	16,238	523	B	Top
184	History of life	16,159	521	GA	Top
185	Human reproduction	15,943	514	C	High
186	Natural History Museum, London	15,724	507	C	Mid
187	Implantation (embryology)	15,663	505	C	Mid
188	Exponential growth	15,533	501	B	Low
189	Ethology	15,515	500	B	High
190	Biological immortality	15,497	499	B	Top
191	List of causes of death by rate	15,486	499	List	Low
192	Genetic code	15,322	494	GA	Top
193	Macrophage	15,272	492	B	Low
194	In situ	15,056	485	Start	Unknown
195	Adult	15,042	485	B	Mid
196	List of organisms by chromosome count	14,836	478	List	Low
197	Venki Ramakrishnan	14,796	477	B	Mid
198	Robert Koch	14,703	474	C	High
199	Birth rate	14,634	472	C	Mid
200	Biosphere	14,600	470	C	Top
201	Human–animal hybrid	14,597	470	C	Low
202	CRISPR gene editing	14,563	469	B	Top
203	The Selfish Gene	14,292	461	B	Mid
204	Lordosis behavior	14,250	459	Start	Low
205	Stromatolite	14,195	457	B	Low
206	Cosmopolitan distribution	14,121	455	Start	Mid
207	Commensalism	13,848	446	C	Mid
208	Senicide	13,786	444	C	Mid
209	Panspermia	13,742	443	B	Low
210	Biology and sexual orientation	13,698	441	C	Mid
211	Habitable zone	13,648	440	B	Low
212	Ronald Fisher	13,542	436	B	High
213	Selective breeding	13,526	436	C	Mid
214	Molecular biology	13,467	434	C	Top
215	Adolescent sexuality	13,450	433	B	Mid
216	Father	13,421	432	C	Mid
217	Fiber	13,408	432	C	Mid
218	Early life	13,395	432	Disambig	NA
219	Scientific law	13,369	431	C	Mid
220	Monosaccharide	13,353	430	C	High
221	Cultured meat	13,340	430	B	Unknown
222	Floater	13,230	426	B	Low
223	Torpor	13,220	426	C	Mid
224	Flora	13,186	425	C	High
225	Gerontology	13,145	424	B	Mid
226	Mebendazole	13,117	423	C	Mid
227	Keystone species	13,110	422	GA	Low
228	Sibling	12,993	419	C	Mid
229	Mother	12,942	417	C	High
230	Earliest known life forms	12,913	416	C	High
231	Bipedalism	12,860	414	B	Mid
232	Competition	12,773	412	C	Top
233	Thermoregulation	12,743	411	C	Mid
234	Gravidity and parity	12,712	410	C	Mid
235	Respiration (physiology)	12,673	408	Start	High
236	Enteric fever	12,632	407	Stub	Low
237	Violence	12,550	404	C	Mid
238	Life extension	12,538	404	B	Mid
239	Stress (biology)	12,524	404	C	High
240	Caenorhabditis elegans	12,470	402	GA	Top
241	Lordosis	12,463	402	C	Low
242	List of human hormones	12,386	399	List	Mid
243	Natural history	12,343	398	C	High
244	Littoral zone	12,197	393	Start	Mid
245	Tradition	12,178	392	B	Mid
246	Microbiology	12,104	390	C	Mid
247	Sex differences in humans	11,944	385	C	High
248	Insemination	11,908	384	C	Mid
249	Morphology (biology)	11,835	381	C	Low
250	Fauna	11,728	378	C	High
251	Crying	11,681	376	C	Low
252	Robin Wall Kimmerer	11,675	376	C	Low
253	Sneeze	11,653	375	Start	Low
254	Chirality	11,622	374	B	Mid
255	Synanthrope	11,613	374	Start	Low
256	List of sovereign states by sex ratio	11,548	372	List	Low
257	Vaginal flatulence	11,514	371	Stub	Low
258	The Naked Woman	11,506	371	Stub	Low
259	Cell biology	11,453	369	C	High
260	Sex ratio	11,411	368	Start	Mid
261	Moulting	11,335	365	C	High
262	Lists of animals	11,314	364	List	High
263	Polycephaly	11,275	363	B	Mid
264	Forced fatherhood	11,222	362	Start	Mid
265	Gestation	11,138	359	Start	Mid
266	Beta thalassemia	11,132	359	B	Mid
267	Nerve	11,028	355	C	High
268	Excretion	10,935	352	Start	High
269	Visual perception	10,837	349	C	Low
270	Three-domain system	10,836	349	C	High
271	Vitalism	10,819	349	B	High
272	Goose bumps	10,793	348	Start	Mid
273	Subcutaneous tissue	10,727	346	Start	Low
274	Abyssal zone	10,723	345	Start	Low
275	Human overpopulation	10,714	345	C	Low
276	Color vision	10,694	344	C	High
277	Albert Bourla	10,683	344	C	Low
278	Flow cytometry	10,551	340	C	Low
279	Marine biology	10,531	339	C	High
280	Marine life	10,516	339	B	High
281	William Harvey	10,499	338	C	High
282	Astrobiology	10,248	330	B	High
283	Melanism	10,227	329	C	Low
284	Parenchyma	10,206	329	Start	Mid
285	Birth	10,133	326	C	Mid
286	Heritability of IQ	10,122	326	C	Low
287	Toxicology	9,999	322	C	High
288	Ectotherm	9,984	322	Start	Mid
289	Benthic zone	9,876	318	C	Low
290	Har Gobind Khorana	9,859	318	C	High
291	Smallest organisms	9,798	316	C	Mid
292	Animal suicide	9,792	315	C	Mid
293	Homogeneity and heterogeneity	9,687	312	C	Mid
294	Babies switched at birth	9,681	312	Start	Low
295	Anthropometry	9,640	310	C	Low
296	Biological engineering	9,598	309	C	High
297	Acedia	9,582	309	Start	Low
298	Evolutionary biology	9,449	304	C	Top
299	Biological agent	9,365	302	C	Mid
300	RNA world	9,333	301	C	Mid
301	In vitro	9,293	299	C	Mid
302	Violence against Muslims in independent India	9,177	296	B	Mid
303	Lynn Margulis	9,173	295	B	High
304	Abyssal plain	9,159	295	GA	Low
305	John M. Jumper	9,006	290	Start	Low
306	Native American disease and epidemics	8,990	290	C	Mid
307	Hydrosphere	8,888	286	C	High
308	Hematophagy	8,882	286	C	Mid
309	Hypothetical types of biochemistry	8,871	286	C	Low
310	Human sex pheromones	8,832	284	Start	Low
311	Human voice	8,809	284	B	Mid
312	Tooth	8,794	283	B	Low
313	Protein folding	8,767	282	C	Low
314	He Jiankui genome editing incident	8,731	281	C	High
315	Thomas N. Seyfried	8,646	278	Start	Low
316	Catgut	8,642	278	C	Low
317	Theophrastus	8,634	278	C	High
318	Food safety	8,622	278	C	Mid
319	Introduced species	8,613	277	B	Low
320	List of animals displaying homosexual behavior	8,566	276	List	Low
321	Male lactation	8,496	274	C	Low
322	Development of the human body	8,462	272	C	High
323	Hypercarnivore	8,460	272	Start	Low
324	Animal echolocation	8,448	272	GA	Mid
325	Alar Karis	8,395	270	Start	Low
326	Animal testing	8,386	270	GA	Mid
327	Detritus	8,332	268	C	Mid
328	Virus classification	8,280	267	C	High
329	Body shape	8,274	266	C	Low
330	Single parent	8,262	266	B	Mid
331	Immortalised cell line	8,179	263	C	Mid
332	Common descent	8,178	263	B	High
333	Age-of-consent reform in the United Kingdom	8,178	263	C	Low
334	List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine	8,161	263	FL	High
335	Linnaean taxonomy	8,099	261	C	Top
336	Biomechanics	8,097	261	C	High
337	Offspring	8,061	260	Start	Mid
338	Dark oxygen	8,047	259	Start	Low
339	Sequential hermaphroditism	8,031	259	B	Low
340	Paul Nurse	8,024	258	C	Mid
341	Embryology	7,998	258	C	Mid
342	Rainbow baby	7,989	257	Start	Low
343	Georges Cuvier	7,984	257	B	High
344	Icelandic Phallological Museum	7,930	255	FA	Low
345	Triploid syndrome	7,918	255	Start	Low
346	Barbara McClintock	7,910	255	FA	Mid
347	Square–cube law	7,782	251	Start	Mid
348	Electroejaculation	7,765	250	Start	Low
349	Biomimetics	7,714	248	C	High
350	Lists of organisms by population	7,708	248	List	Low
351	Root	7,692	248	B	Mid
352	Bioethics	7,681	247	Start	Mid
353	Child development stages	7,653	246	List	High
354	J. B. S. Haldane	7,652	246	C	Low
355	Free energy principle	7,619	245	C	Low
356	Catechin	7,577	244	Start	Mid
357	Gastrulation	7,542	243	C	High
358	Convention on Biological Diversity	7,508	242	C	Mid
359	Ribose	7,503	242	B	High
360	Motility	7,430	239	Start	Low
361	Howard Hughes Medical Institute	7,426	239	C	Mid
362	Mathematical and theoretical biology	7,392	238	C	High
363	Female promiscuity	7,343	236	C	Low
364	Age-of-consent reform	7,339	236	C	Low
365	Koch's postulates	7,303	235	C	Mid
366	Sex allocation	7,285	235	C	Low
367	Abiotic component	7,216	232	Start	Low
368	Extraterrestrial intelligence	7,158	230	Start	Low
369	Dissection	7,133	230	B	High
370	Classification	7,107	229	C	Mid
371	Evolution of sexual reproduction	7,007	226	B	Mid
372	Duane Gish	7,004	225	B	Low
373	Human microbiome	6,996	225	B	Mid
374	Hearing	6,981	225	C	Low
375	Life on Venus	6,980	225	C	Mid
376	Sexual characteristics	6,974	224	Start	Low
377	Designer baby	6,968	224	B	High
378	Baby boom	6,943	223	Start	Low
379	Desiccation	6,898	222	C	Low
380	Biophysics	6,863	221	C	Mid
381	Aestivation	6,863	221	C	High
382	Blastocyst	6,860	221	C	Low
383	Dormancy	6,831	220	C	High
384	Scientific Research Institute of Medicine of the Ministry of Defense in Sergiyev Posad	6,750	217	C	Low
385	Blind spot (vision)	6,693	215	Start	Low
386	Symmetry in biology	6,666	215	C	High
387	Afterimage	6,660	214	C	Low
388	Xenophilia	6,649	214	Start	Low
389	Biological specificity	6,649	214	Start	Mid
390	Electroreception and electrogenesis	6,629	213	GA	Low
391	Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova	6,466	208	C	Mid
392	Sleep cycle	6,435	207	C	Mid
393	Erythropoiesis	6,364	205	C	Mid
394	Warm-blooded	6,341	204	Start	Mid
395	Biogeography	6,333	204	Start	Mid
396	Relict (biology)	6,288	202	C	Low
397	Phosphorylation	6,271	202	C	Low
398	Parent	6,215	200	C	Mid
399	Halima Cissé	6,186	199	Start	Low
400	Frances Arnold	6,175	199	B	High
401	Fine motor skill	6,149	198	C	Mid
402	Molecular machine	6,092	196	C	Mid
403	Lipid bilayer	6,082	196	GA	High
404	Artificial womb	6,066	195	C	Low
405	Invented tradition	6,061	195	C	Low
406	Phenotypic trait	6,011	193	Start	Mid
407	Binocular vision	6,002	193	Start	Low
408	Recapitulation theory	5,992	193	C	Mid
409	Mid-20th century baby boom	5,984	193	Start	Mid
410	Generation time	5,980	192	Start	Low
411	Gary Ruvkun	5,974	192	B	Low
412	Hormesis	5,967	192	Start	Low
413	Biological life cycle	5,966	192	C	High
414	Autotomy	5,962	192	Start	Mid
415	Biologist	5,941	191	C	High
416	List of extinction events	5,940	191	List	Mid
417	History of evolutionary thought	5,928	191	FA	High
418	Jeremy Griffith	5,919	190	B	Unknown
419	Malesia	5,899	190	C	Mid
420	Victor Ambros	5,878	189	B	Low
421	Cleavage (embryo)	5,876	189	C	Low
422	List of unsolved problems in biology	5,842	188	List	Mid
423	Host (biology)	5,825	187	GA	High
424	Organ (anatomy)	5,777	186	Redirect	NA
425	Lepidopterology	5,707	184	C	Low
426	Craniocervical instability	5,683	183	Start	Unknown
427	Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory	5,668	182	C	Low
428	Conservation biology	5,638	181	B	High
429	Neoteny in humans	5,632	181	C	Low
430	History of malaria	5,618	181	GA	High
431	Sexual maturity	5,583	180	Start	Mid
432	Disease vector	5,523	178	Start	Low
433	Syncytium	5,498	177	C	Low
434	Luigi Galvani	5,473	176	Start	Mid
435	Semelparity and iteroparity	5,452	175	C	Low
436	Boring Billion	5,452	175	GA	Low
437	Artificial life	5,440	175	B	Mid
438	Life support	5,423	174	Start	Mid
439	The Voyage of the Beagle	5,409	174	Start	Unknown
440	Levomefolic acid	5,384	173	C	Low
441	Folding@home	5,287	170	B	Mid
442	Biostasis	5,286	170	C	Unknown
443	Pair bond	5,281	170	Start	Mid
444	Ontogeny	5,267	169	B	Mid
445	First universal common ancestor	5,225	168	Start	Unknown
446	Thanatology	5,205	167	Start	Low
447	Dryland farming	5,194	167	Start	Low
448	Model organism	5,167	166	B	Mid
449	Developmental biology	5,086	164	C	High
450	Anastomosis	5,040	162	C	Low
451	Self-limiting (biology)	5,040	162	Stub	Low
452	Craig Venter	5,020	161	C	Mid
453	Exercise physiology	5,006	161	B	Low
454	The Overloaded Ark	5,002	161	Start	Unknown
455	Quantum biology	5,001	161	C	High
456	Colony-forming unit	4,971	160	C	Low
457	Filial cannibalism	4,963	160	Start	Low
458	Alerce Milenario	4,960	160	Start	Low
459	List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior	4,953	159	List	Mid
460	Gas exchange	4,947	159	Start	Mid
461	Miraculous births	4,922	158	B	Mid
462	Antimalarial medication	4,921	158	C	High
463	Superorganism	4,899	158	B	Mid
464	Bioreactor	4,893	157	C	Low
465	Feed a cold, starve a fever	4,892	157	C	Low
466	List of unusual biological names	4,871	157	List	Mid
467	Biological process	4,842	156	Start	High
468	Depth perception	4,810	155	Start	Low
469	Magnetoreception	4,800	154	GA	Mid
470	Sororicide	4,795	154	C	Low
471	Cellular senescence	4,761	153	C	Low
472	Life on Titan	4,735	152	B	Low
473	Thermal comfort	4,667	150	B	Low
474	Plant reproductive morphology	4,645	149	C	Low
475	Brother	4,644	149	C	Mid
476	Armstrong limit	4,641	149	C	Low
477	Mesopelagic zone	4,607	148	C	Mid
478	Animal embryonic development	4,606	148	Start	Mid
479	Long-term memory	4,601	148	C	Low
480	Female sperm	4,601	148	Start	Mid
481	Secondary metabolite	4,557	147	Start	Low
482	Dioscorides	4,546	146	Start	Mid
483	Hypoxia (environmental)	4,543	146	C	Low
484	Courtship display	4,520	145	C	Low
485	Sex pheromone	4,501	145	Start	Low
486	Purple Earth hypothesis	4,478	144	Start	Low
487	Cross-link	4,474	144	C	Mid
488	Endogeny (biology)	4,462	143	Stub	Low
489	Non-cellular life	4,457	143	Start	Mid
490	Entoptic phenomenon	4,441	143	C	Low
491	Sister	4,434	143	Start	Low
492	Aerobic organism	4,423	142	Start	Mid
493	Physical strength	4,409	142	Start	Low
494	Pioneer Fund	4,393	141	B	Low
495	Biological system	4,390	141	C	Mid
496	Do-it-yourself biology	4,383	141	C	Mid
497	Thomas Hunt Morgan	4,369	140	B	High
498	Gonochorism	4,365	140	Start	Low
499	Ectoderm	4,359	140	C	Low
500	Transitional fossil	4,350	140	GA	High